British Calvinists: John Bunyan (1628-1688)

John Bunyan (1628-1688) best known for the classic Pilgrim's Progress was born in Bedford, the son of a tinker. In 1644 after the death of his mother and sister Mary he joined Cromwell's Parliamentary army.

He married a year after being discharged from the army and became interested in the externals of religion. It was hearing some Christian women talk of their faith that promoted him to read the Scriptures. Through this he was converted. He was baptised by full immersion in the river Ouse in 1653. His wife died in 1655 and from the he began to preach the gospel in the Bedforshire countryside. In 1660 he was arrested for preaching without a licence. He was able to support his children while he was in prison by crocheting and selling laces.

On release from prison he became the pastor a church in Bedford. 

He died from pneumonia caught when on an urgent pastoral call during a rain storm. 

He was a prolific writer and wrote over 60 publications. Some of which are available here: 

http://www.prdl.org/author_view.php?a_id=1391

British Calvinists: Stephen Charnock (1628-1680)

Stephen Charnock (1628-1680) was born in London and graduated from Emmanuel College, Cambridge. It was during his time at Emmanuel that he became converted. After Cambridge he became a minister in Southwark before becoming senior proctor at New College, Oxford.  

In 1656 he moved to Ireland to become chaplain to Henry Cromwell. After the restoration of the monarchy Charnock was prevented from preaching in public, he continued to do so in private. 

In 1675 until his death he was a co-pastor at Crosby hall, London. All his works were published posthumously and were transcribed after his death. 

Some of his works are available here: 

http://www.prdl.org/author_view.php?a_id=201

British Calvinists: Edward Fisher (1627-1656)

Edward Fisher (1627-1656) is best known for his The Marrow of Modern Divinity (1645). He was born in Mickelton, Gloucestershire and graduated from Brasenose, Oxford in 1630. Unusually for a Calvinist he was a Royalist. 

He sold his father's estate in 1656, he got into debt and went to Carmarthen as a school teacher before escaping his debtors by going to Ireland. 

His Marrow book was re-discovered by Thomas Boston (1676-1732) in 1700 and was then reprinted in 1718. The doctrine of unconditional grace in the book was disliked by many in the Church of Scotland, even though it was on Joseph Caryl's list of 'approved' books prepared at the request of the Westminster Assembly. James Haddow accused it of advocating antinomianism. 

Some of his works are available here:

http://www.prdl.org/author_view.php?a_id=289

British Calvinists: Matthew Poole (1624-1679)

Matthew Poole (1624-1679) was born in York, he graduated from Emmanuel College. In 1648 he took the post of minister at St Michael-le-Querens. With the passing of the Act of Uniformity in 1662 he resigned. He then concentrated on writing bible studies. Most notable was his five volume work Synopsis criticorum biblicorum,in which he summarised the views of 150 biblical scholars. 

Some of his works are available here: http://www.prdl.org/author_view.php?a_id=464

The Clarendon Code and Declaration of Indulgences

After the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 several Acts of parliament were passed under Charles II that had a direct impact on British Calvinism and non-conformity. Of particular importance were the four Acts that became known as the Clarendon Code. 

1662 Act of Uniformity - The full name of the Act is 'An Act for the Uniformity of Public Prayers and Administration of Sacraments, and other Rites and Ceremonies, and for establishing the Form of making, ordaining and consecrating Bishops, Priests and Deacons in the Church of England.'

Steps were taken after the restoration to reintroduce a revised Prayer Book. The Act meant that clergy had to use, and comply with, the Prayer Book and failure to do so would mean they were deprived of their living. It also meant that all clergy had to have episcopal ordination. As a result almost 2000 clergy forced out of parishes. It is sometimes known as the Great Ejection. Edmund Calamy in 1775 published  The Nonconformist's Memorial: Being an Account of the Lives, Sufferings, and Printed Works, of the Two Thousand Ministers Ejected from the Church of England, Chiefly by the Act of Uniformity, Aug. 24, 1666. This includes a list of the ejected ministers: https://archive.org/details/nonconformistsm00calagoog

1665 Five Mile Act also known as the Oxford Act or Non-conformist Act. Its full title was "An Act for restraining Non-Conformists from inhabiting in Corporations". It meant that clergy expelled by the Act of Uniformity couldn't live within five miles of the parish they were excluded from unless that swore to obey the 1662 Prayer Book.

The other Acts that formed part of the Clarendon Code were: the Corporation Act (1661) and the Coventicle Act (1664). The Corporation Act meant that all municipal officers were Anglicans; and the Conventicle Act forbade the meeting together of five or more - other than of the same family - for unauthorised worship.

The effect of the Clarendon Code meant the privatisation of non-Conformity.

1672 Declaration of Indulgences.  This was an attempt by Charles II to extend religious liberty to Roman Catholics and non-Conformists. It allowed dissenters to hold services in public places. Parliament saw this as an act of sympathy for the Catholics and so it was withdrawn in 1673 and replaced by a number of Parliament Test Acts. The Test Acts required anyone in public serve to denounce Roman Catholic doctrine and be communicant members of the Church of England.

British Calvinists: David Clarkson (1622-1686)

David Clarkson (1622-1686) was born in Bradford and graduated in 1645 from Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1645 he became a fellow of Clare College, Cambridge. 

He was the rector (1650-1655) of Crayford in Kent and (1656-1661). After the Great Ejection in 1662 he he preached wherever he could and continued to write. Following The Declaration of Indulgence in 1672 he became the pastor of presbyterian-independent church in Mortlake. He became a co-pastor with John Owen in 1682 and after Owen's death the sole pastor, of a church in Leadenhall St, London. 

Some of his writings are available here: http://www.prdl.org/author_view.php?a_id=203

British Calvinists: Thomas Watson (c. 1620-1686)

Thomas Watson (c. 1620-1686) was a Yorkshire man, he graduated from Emmanuel College, cambridge with a BA in 1639 and MA in 1642. 

In 1649 he ministered at St Stephen's, Walbrook, London as a lecture and then rector. He married Abigail Beadle in 1647 and they had seven children.

 He held to strong Presbyterian views but was sympathetic to the king. He was imprisoned in 1651 for his part in attempting to restore the monarchy. Christopher Love on elf Watson's fellow imprisonees was executed, but Watson was released and restored to his pastorate at St Stephen's.

The 1662 Act of Uniformity saw Watson ejected from the church, but like many others he continued to preach. In 1672 after the Act of Indulgence he was licensed to preach at Crosby Hall, Bishopsgate. Stephen Charnock was one of his co-workers at Crosby Hall. Watson retired to Barnston, Essex. 

Some of his books can be obtained from The Christian Bookshop Ossett:  http://www.christianbookshopossett.co.uk/catalogue.php?&search=Thomas%20Watson&nd=2&

British Calvinists: Thomas Manton (1620-1677)

Thomas Manton (1620-1677) was born in Lydeard St. Lawrence, Somerset. He graduated from Wadham College, Oxford with a BA in 1639, a BD in 1654 and a DD in 1660. 

He was ordained as a deacon in 1640 and ministered at Sowton, Exeter for three years. While in Sowton he married Mary Morgan. He took up the living of St Mary's Stoke Newington. He became a leading Presbyterian and was appointed as a clerk to the Westminster assembly.

Despite disapproving of the the king's execution he remained in favour with Cromwell. He succeeded his father-in-law Obadiah Sedgwick as rector of St Paul's, Covent Garden. 

He favoured the restoration of Charles II and was appointed as one of Charles's chaplains.  In 1662 he was ejected from the Established Church - he continued to preach and was arrested in 1670 and kept in prison for 6 months. The Declaration of Indulgence was granted in 1672 and Manton was licensed as a Presbyterian. 

In 'Thomas Merton: the man and his ministry' J. C. Ryle in 1870 had this to say of Manton:

1. As a man, I am disposed to assign a very high place to the author of these volumes. He strikes me as having been, not merely an ordinary 'good ' man, but one of singularly great grace and consistency of Christian character.
...
2. As a writer, I consider that Manton holds a somewhat peculiar place among the Puritan divines. He has pre-eminently a style of his own, and a style very unlike that of most of his school. …
3. As a theologian, I regard Manton as a divine of singularly well-balanced, well-proportioned, and scriptural views. …
4. As an expositor of Scripture, I regard Manton with unmingled admiration. Here, at any rate, he is 'facile princeps' among the divines of the Puritan school. …

The complete work of Thomas Manton, in 22 volumes, is available here: http://archive.org/search.php?query=thomas+manton+works/

Some of his works are available from the Christian Bookshop Ossett here: http://www.christianbookshopossett.co.uk/catalogue.php?&search=manton&nd=2&

Review of Harry Van Belle's Explorations in the History of Psychology

Explorations in the History of Psychology

Persisting Themata and Changing Paradigms

Harry A. Van Belle

Soux Center, IO: Dordt College Press, 2014

ISBN 978-0-932914–99-6

Pbk; 239+vi pp;  £12.00

Available from Dordt College Bookstore

There are several textbooks that provide an overview of the history of psychology, but none that do it from a Christian perspective, until now. Van Belle, emeritus professor of psychology at The Kings University College in Alberta, Canada, has produced an excellent introduction to, and overview of, the history of psychology utilising the Dutch Christian philosopher Vollenhoven’s approach. It is the fruit of many years teaching university students in North American and in Africa. Now students everywhere can benefit from Van Belle’s wisdom, insight and experience.

History is important it places where we are within a context. A historical perspective is important in showing not only where we have come from but also in revealing the ideologies at work in a subject. Van Belle, in utilising Vollenhoven’s approach, helpfully shows the continuities and discontinuities in the history of psychology: “The history of psychology necessarily consists of both persisting thematas and changing paradigms” (p. i).

The first half of the book is taken up with the Greek and the Middle Ages. Although psychology as a separate discipline, rather than being a sub-discipline of philosophy, didn’t exist until the nineteenth century, the Greek and scholastic roots prove illuminating. The final sections of the book deal with a number of key psychological schools and shifting emphases on consciousness, the unconscious mind, adaptation, functionalism, behaviourism and then cognitive and humanistic psychology. 

Each chapter closes with a list of references and a ‘Some issues to stimulate discussion’, this section provides helpful prompts for discussion and will prove invaluable for those who want to use the book as a college text. For those who want a history of psychology then this is the  book to go to, the added advantage is that it is from a distinctively Christian approach that avoids being simplistic and biblicistic. Van Belle has served us well. 

British Calvinists: William Gurnall (1617-1679)

William Gurnall (1617-1679) born in Kings Lynn is probably best known for his three-volume book Christian in Complete Armour (1655, 1658, 1662), which is still in print published by Banner of Truth. He graduated from Emmanuel College, Cambridge, with a BA in 1635 and MA in 1639. He then became a curate in Sudbury and subsequently rector of St Peter and Paul's in Lavenham, Suffolk. 

Some of Gurnall's works are here:  http://www.prdl.org/author_view.php?a_id=1403

Some of his books are available to buy from Ossett Christian Bookshop here.

Banner's James Bratt Interview: Conscious Christianity: The Life and Legacy of Abraham Kuyper

 Conscious Christianity: The Life and Legacy of Abraham Kuyper

The Banner interview with James Bratt here.

British Calvinists: John Owen (1616-1683)

John Owen (1616-1683) was born in Stadham, Oxfordshire. He graduated form Queen's College Oxford in 1632 aged 16 with a BA and then with an MA in 1635. At Oxford he was influenced by the philosopher Thomas Barlow. 

During the civil war he went to live in London. During this time he went to hear the renowned preacher Edmund Calamy, Calamy was unable to preach at that time but his replacement made a great impact on Owen and Owen converted. 

Owen first major work  A Display of Arminianism was published in 1643. The next year he became the pastor at Fordham and married Mary Rooke, he also published The Duties of Pastors and People Distinguished.  In 1646 he became a Congregationalist and founded a church at Coggeshall, Essex.. He became the Dean of Christ Church and then the Chancellor. He was appointed as Chancellor by Oliver Cromwell. 

In 1658 he took part in the formulation of the Savoy Declaration. When Cromwell died in 1658 Owen joined the Wallingford House Party. 

He was invited to go to Boston, USA, to become their minister but preferred to stay in the UK. 

He died aged 67 at Ealing and is buried at Bunhill Fields. He has been described as one of the greatest theologians of the Puritans and as the British Calvin. 

His works include: 
•  Justitia Divina (1653)
•  Doctrine of the Saints' Perseverance (1654) 
• On the Mortification of Sin in Believers (1656)
•  Communion with God (1657) 
• Schism (1657) 
• Of Temptation (1658) 
• Two Questions Concerning the Power of the Supreme Magistrate about Religion (1659)
•  Discourse on the Holy Spirit (1674) 
•  Person of Christ (1678) 
• Discourse of the Work of the Holy Spirit in Prayer (1682) 
•  Holy Spirit and His Work, as a Comforter and as the Author of Spiritual Gifts (1693)

A website devoted to Owen is http://www.johnowen.org/

Hankins: Francis Schaeffer and the Shaping of Evangelical America

Francis Schaeffer and the Shaping of Evangelical America

Barry Hankins

Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2008

ISBN 978-0802863898

Pbk, 288pp, £14.99.

Hankins, a historian at Baylor University, has provided an excellent, critical, but not unsympathetic, intellectual biography of L'Abri's Francis Schaeffer. We see here the journey of Schaeffer from fundamentalist to cultural critic and back again as he embraced, or rather was embraced by, the Christian Right.

Hankins seems ambivalent towards Schaeffer, on the one hand he recognises the impact he has had on evangelicals in helping them to be more culturally and intellectually aware and on the other he sees the weaknesses in Schaeffer’s position. Schaeffer was good at painting the large picture but was weak and even wrong on some of the key details. 

Schaeffer’s strength was that he was a populariser;  his weakness was that he was a populariser. This comes through clearly in Hankins biography. 

Hankins provides a helpful overview and critical assessment of most of Schaefffer’s works. He shows that “Schaefer's analysis of western history was compelling in its broad outlines, but problematic in its details” p96. Schaeffer’s analysis of the Renaissance didn't acknowledge the difference between the Italian and the northern forms. He was reliant on the now discredited approach, popular at the time, of Jacob Burkhardt's approach to the Renaissance.

Nevertheless, Schaefer struck a chord with modernist Christians. He was the man for that time. But it Is clear that the time for him is not now, as Hankins shows the sales of C.S. Lewis’s far outstrip the sales of Schaeffer’s books today. 

Hankins has performed an excellent job of placing Schaeffer in context and showing how he could be so influential and so flawed. The latter comes out clearly in his exchanges with Mark Noll and George Marsden over Schaeffer’s claims in A Christian Manifesto that the US was founded as a Christian country. Hankins insightfully points out: 

It seems that for Schaeffer, when a Christian utilised non-Christian thinking [eg Aquinas], the product was sub-Christian, but when a non-Christian [eg Thomas Jefferson and other founding fathers] used Christian influences, the product was thoroughly Christian. (p 170). 

Academy Regained Conference at Redeemer and McMaster 28 July

Satellite conference with the CSCA/ASA/CiS Conference 
Monday, July 28, 2014 starting at 9:00 AM 

Redeemer faculty members Russ Kosits and David Koyzis are chairing “Academy Regained,” a conference that is overlapping with the annual conference of the Canadian Scientific and Christian Affiliation (CSCA), the American Scientific Association (ASA) and Christians in Science (CIS).

“Academy Regained” will explore the relevance, usefulness, and power of a Kuyperian approach -- an emphasis on the biblical narrative of creation, fall, redemption, and consummation -- for the academic disciplines. The goal is to portray the Reformational worldview, not as merely a collection of slogans, but as an emerging school of thought with a worthwhile programme of research.

The conference will feature presentations and discussions on how this approach applies to the natural sciences, the social sciences and the humanities. Faculty from Redeemer and other universities across North America are leading the different workshops.

This conference is part of the annual convention of the CSCA/ASA/CiS, which this year is being held at McMaster University. “From Cosmos to Psyche: All Things Hold Together in Christ,” is the theme of that conference, which begins on July 25.

Full details are availble here

Topics include:

K. VanderMeulen/C. Jongsma, “A Neo-Kuyperian Approach to Mathematics”
D. Schuurman/S. Vander Leest, “Exploring a Biblical Perspective of Engineering”
A. Sikkema, “Reformational Perspectives in Physical Science”
V. Asatryan, “Exploring a Biblical Perspective of Marketing”
R. Kosits/E. Johnson, “A Preliminary Rationale for Reformed and Reformational Perspective in Psychological Science”
J. Vanderwoerd, “Toward a Biblical Grounding for Professional Social Work Practice”
D. Koyzis, “Political Science Regained”
J. Danielson, “Music as Science and Art”
K. Flatt, “What Does Kuyper Have to Do with Ranke and Foucault? A Reformational Perspective on the Discipline of History”
A. Wilkinson, “Word and Flesh: Toward a Christian View of English Literature”
J. Rusthoven, “Toward a Reformed Understanding of Biomedical Ethics”

Recent Kuyperania (June 2014)

A review of Bratt's Abraham Kuyper appeared in Christian Scholar's Review XLIII(3) (Spring 2014), written by Jonathan Huggins. He concludes:

The book is so well researched that it is sure to become the standard work on Kuyper for those who want to engage with him seriously. I highly recommend the work to anyone who has interests in theology, politics, and history. It is a fascinating story about a rare person. Kuyper's intellectual powers and organizational skills were exceptional, and the relevance of his contributions is hard to deny. For those who are at home in the Reformed tradition, especially the more conservative expressions, Kuyper will prove to be a helpful, if challenging, guide. He defies simple categorization, especially in the contemporary American context. This should encourage a healthy dose of humility, even as it also encourages a strong confidence in the Reformed faith.

Scott Pryor reflects on the recent Convivium Calvinisticium the themes of which was “Creation, Redemption, and Neo-Calvinism” here.

He has also been working his way through Bratt's biography - see here, for example.

In Knowing & Doing  the newsletter of the C S Lewis Institute Connally Gilliam offers some reflections on "A Reformed Vision of the Visual Arts: A Conversation with Abraham Kuyper, Nicholas Wolterstorff, and the Word of God"

Vincent Bacote delivered a lecture on the "Social vision of Abraham Kuyper" a handout is available here.

Hoon Lee reviews Bratt's Abraham Kuyper he concludes:

Simply put, Bratt’s Abraham Kuyper is the definitive biography on Abraham Kuyper. It is a must read for anyone interested in Kuyper. It provides a critical introduction to Kuyper’s life, writings, and thought, but is also a resource for those already familiar with Kuyper. A small warning, the volume is not a simple read and may require a slight learning curve for readers completely uninitiated with Kuyper. I end this review as I began it and ponder, given Bratt’s depictions of the historical context of Kuyper’s social engagement, one wonders if Marsden’s appropriation will be successful in today’s climate.